This article needs more to.by adding to the existing text! ( January 2017) In fluid mechanics, flows in closed conduits are usually encountered in places such as drains and sewers where the liquid flows continuously in the closed channel and the channel is filled only up to a certain depth. Typical examples of such flows are flow in circular and Δ shaped channels. Closed conduit flow differs from open channel flow only in the fact that in closed channel flow there is a closing top width while open channels have one side exposed to its immediate surroundings.

Pipe Flow Advisor Software Pipe Flow Advisor can estimate the flow rate of water in open channels and closed channels of different shapes. It can also estimate the flow rate from a tank, for a variety tank shapes, to calculate the tank empty time under flow due to gravity. Flow in Open Channels, Part Full Pipes, and from Tanks. The Hazen-Williams formula is an empirical rule, that holds well for cold water running in pipes under turbulent flow conditions. This is very suitable for situations such as domestic piping and hosing, sprinkler and irrigation systems, etc. For gravitational flow, and for open-channel flow.

Closed channel flows are generally governed by the principles of channel flow as the liquid flowing possesses inside the conduit. However, the convergence of the boundary to the top imparts some special characteristics to the flow like closed channel flows have a finite depth at which maximum discharge occurs. For computational purposes, flow is taken as uniform flow., Continuity Equation (Q=AV) and channel's cross-section geometrical relations are used for the mathematical calculation of such closed channel flows.

Pipe flow, a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of liquid flow within a closed conduit (conduit in the sense of a means of containment). The other type of flow within a conduit is open channel flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways, but differ in one important aspect. Pipe flow does not have a free surface which is found in open-channel flow. Pipe flow, being confined within closed conduit, does not exert direct atmospheric pressure, but does exert hydraulic pressure on the conduit.

Not all flow within a closed conduit is considered pipe flow. Storm sewers are closed conduits but usually maintain a free surface and therefore are considered open-channel flow. The exception to this is when a storm sewer operates at full capacity, and then can become pipe flow.

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Energy in pipe flow is expressed as head and is defined by the Bernoulli equation. In order to conceptualize head along the course of flow within a pipe, diagrams often contain a hydraulic grade line (HGL). Pipe flow is subject to frictional losses as defined by the Darcy-Weisbach formula.

States of flow[edit]

The behavior of pipe flow is governed mainly by the effects of viscosity and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the flow. Depending on the effect of viscosity relative to inertia, as represented by the Reynolds number, the flow can be either laminar or turbulent. At a Reynolds number below the critical value of approximately 2040^[1] pipe flow will ultimately be laminar, whereas above the critical value turbulent flow can persist. In addition, the transition between laminar flow and turbulence can be sensitive to disturbance levels and imperfections.

Flow through pipes can roughly be divided into two:

• Laminar flow - see Hagen-Poiseuille flow
• Turbulent flow - see Moody diagram

See also[edit]

Mathematical equations and concepts

Bernoulli equation

Darcy–Weisbach equation

Fields of study

Hydraulics

Fluid Mechanics

Types of fluid flow

Open channel flow

Fluid properties

Viscosity

Fluid phenomena

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Head

References[edit]

1. ^Avila, K.; D. Moxey; A. de Lozar; M. Avila; D. Barkley; B. Hof (July 2011). 'The Onset of Turbulence in Pipe Flow'. Science. 333 (6039): 192–196. Bibcode:2011Sci..333.192A. doi:10.1126/science.1203223. PMID21737736.

Further reading[edit]

• Chow, V. T. (1959/2008). Open-Channel Hydraulics. Caldwell, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN9780070859067.